A Record in Office. Duvalier was just 19 when in 1971 he inherited the . He also revived the traditions of Vodou, later using them to consolidate his power with his claim of being a Vodou priest himself. His regime of terror quelled political dissent, causing nearly 30,000 deaths, but at the same time achieved for Haiti an unusual degree of political stabilization. Repression continued through out the Duvalier regime. Initially presenting himself as a reconciliatory president, within months Duvalier silenced opposition and began distributing self-promoting propaganda. As revolutionary, he said gravely, I have no right to disregard the voice of the people.. answer choices . Papa Doc and Baby Doc: Haiti's Vodou Dynasty. The U.S. thus halted most of its economic assistance in mid-1962, pending stricter accounting procedures, with which Duvalier refused to comply. Papa Doc Duvalier - 1957-1971. a. 1964 - Duvalier declares himself president for life. Luc Desyr, the Bible-toting chief henchman for Haitian dictator Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier, . 1964 - Duvalier declares himself president-for-life. Duvalier also resisted foreign criticism. Physician Francois popularly known as "Papa Doc" Duvalier was said to have came into power on On September 25, 1956. In the 1960s, Duvalier proved to be resistant to both domestic and foreign challenges. He was appointed underminister of labour in 1948 and the following year became minister of public health and labour, a post that he retained until May 10, 1950, when President Estim was overthrown by a military junta under Paul E. Magloire, who was subsequently elected president. Running on a program of popular reform and black nationalism, Duvalier was elected president in September 1957. Which is the best general statement about the role of government in business Setting about to consolidate his power, he reduced the size of the army and, with his chief aide, Clment Barbot, organized the Tontons Macoutes (Bogeymen), a private force responsible for terrorizing and assassinating alleged foes of the regime. [20]:139 During the visit, the two discussed bilateral agreements between their two nations and the economic shortcomings brought about by international pressure. He was unanimously "re-elected" in a 1961 presidential election in which he was the only candidate. write at least 7 sentences, Which of the following is NOT a reason John F. Kennedy won the 1960 presidential election over Richard Nixon? This was one of the straws that broke the back of the United States Department of State, which by 1961 had shored up the corruptionriddled Gov vernment to the extent of about $50million in economic and military aid. (Choice B) California, Seldom smiling and moving with a studied slowness, he spoke softly except when addressing the multitudes, when his rhetor ic often turned from prosaic to racy to vulgar. (The two dates were felicitous ones from his point of view, as Papa Doc had always con sidered 22 his lucky number. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. [10], The racism and violence that occurred during the United States occupation of Haiti, which began in 1915, inspired black nationalism among Haitians and left a powerful impression on the young Duvalier. Many Haitians left the country to escape abuses and poor economic conditions. His son. Despite his public stance that Haiti belonged to the blacks, Papa Doc had mar ried a mulatto and made it no secret that he wanted his chil dren to follow his example. [24] Duvalier now exercised more power in Haiti than ever. Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier was elected president that year but became a dictator, refusing to give up his leadership role until his death in 1971. for government. In 1957, Haitian elections put Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier in power as "president-for-life.". In 1961, Duvalier began violating the provisions of the 1957 constitution. Duvalier was just 19 when in 1971 he inherited the . Meanwhile, two public health scares adversely affected Haiti in the 1980s. [34] In 1964, he published a catechism in which the Lord's Prayer was heavily reworded to praise Duvalier instead of God. [3]:289, In 1966, Duvalier hosted the emperor of Ethiopia, Haile SelassieI, in what would be the only visit of a foreign head of state to Haiti under Duvalier. His son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, succeeded him. Franois Duvalier was a promoter of black nationalism and an overthrow was conducted by him which resulted in transformation of the nation into a totalitarian state. [13] In July 1958, three exiled Haitian army officers and five American mercenaries landed in Haiti and tried to overthrow Duvalier; all were killed. . By the mid-1980s the ranks of the Tontons Macoutes had swelled to some 15,000 men, but they failed to silence a series of countrywide demonstrations against high unemployment, poor living conditions, and the lack of political freedom. And with in a year, according to the later claim by Mr. Barbot, more than 300 persons had been killed by the Tontons on Du valier's personal orders. 4 William Paley, 'Power shift imperils Haiti's frail stability', The Guardian (London) 13 January 1982. Choose 1 answer: He de ported clergymen who criticized his rule, earning his own ex communication from the Roman Catholic Church. Although diplomatically almost completely isolated, excommunicated by the Vatican until 1966 for harassing the clergy, and threatened by conspiracies against him, Duvalier was able to stay in power longer than any of his predecessors. For some years Dr. Duvalier served on the staffs of local hospitals, and in 1943 he was recruited into a United States financed fight against yaws, a tropical skin disease that has long plagued Haiti. After the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, which Duvalier later claimed resulted from a curse that he had placed on Kennedy,[28] the U.S. eased its pressure on Duvalier, grudgingly accepting him as a bulwark against communism. But, he never paid the fare back to . The Soviet Union pursued an imperialistic relationship with Cuba in which the Soviets would rule and provide protection to a colonized Cuba. Duvalier had come to the conclusion that there was nothing for them in the regime of Jean-Claude.4 While it would be wrong to attribute all the problems of Baby Doc to 3Economic Trends: Haiti, US Embassy, Port-au-Prince, 1973. A new law declared that "Communist activities, no matter what their form, are hereby declared crimes against the security of the State." When Duvalier was stricken by a heart attack in 1959, Barbot acted in his stead. Some of the highly skilled professionals joined the ranks of several UN agencies to work in development in newly independent nations such as IvoryCoast, and the Congo. . [20]:93. He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. Duvalier's coffin was not inside, however. Does this choice answer your aspirations and your desires? Tens of thousands of Haitians attempted to flee their country in small boats bound for the U.S. state of Florida, but the vast majority were returned to Haiti. C Hours after the Domini ques had left, Papa Doc rounded up 19 of their army officer friends and, after accusing them of plotting against him, person ally led the firing squad that executed them. [34][35], Duvalier also held in his closet the head of former opponent Blucher Philogenes, who tried to overthrow him in 1963. Duvalier's response was to bait the United States in his speeches as anti Negro. Haitians voted to approve his 19-year-old son, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, as his successor. , the equation to find the numbers of cores that she would have love to read after winning 26 of them, Describe family of origin. Afterwards, he consolidated his power step by step, culminating in 1964 when he declared himself President for Life after another sham election, and as a result, he remained in power until his death in April 1971. The Dominican president reacted with outrage, publicly threatened to invade Haiti, and ordered army units to the border. The Dominican government agreed to compensate the slain workers relatives the following year, but only part of the promised amount was actually paid. In the 2002 film 8 Mile, one of the central characters is named "Papa Doc". Childhood & Early Life. Known by his nickname "Baby Doc," the so-called . Fair use image. Malnutrition and famine became endemic.[12]. In 1934, he attended medical school at the University of Haiti and subsequently worked at various hospitals and clinics around the city. In other incidents, Duvalier ordered the head of an executed rebel packed in ice and brought to him so he could commune with the dead man's spirit. Jean-Claude Duvalier, who died of a heart attack on October 4, 2014, became the unwilling . [6]:85[17] The New York Times commented, "Latin America has witnessed many fraudulent elections throughout its history but none has been more outrageous than the one which has just taken place in Haiti". You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was, example of one social change for African Americans During Reconstruction, How would you describe the relationship between the historical, economic, political, and/or cultural context of the United States (in a given time per This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. (Choice D) California , items, including Butlers private notes, research materials, manuscripts, photos, and drawings. Duvalier's revenge was swift and fearsome. In 1956, the Magloire government was failing, and although still in hiding, Duvalier announced his candidacy to replace him as president. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The extermination caused widespread hardship among the peasant population, many of whom had bred pigs as an investment. The initial reaction in Port-au-Prince was panic. California: [43] The book was later made into a film. Hundreds of people attend the funeral of the notorious former ruler of Haiti, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, in Port-au-Prince. In April 1963, relations were brought to the edge of war by the political enmity between Duvalier and Dominican president Juan Bosch. And so did abject poverty, with over half of the population living on less . Continuing his political activism, Duvalier co-founded the journal Les Griots. As a result of these health concerns and ongoing political unrest, the countrys tourism sector virtually collapsed. B. Building on two centuries' experience, Taylor & Francis has grown rapidlyover the last two decades to become a leading international academic publisher.The Group publishes over 800 journals and over 1,800 new books each year, coveringa wide variety of subject areas and incorporating the journal imprints of Routledge,Carfax, Spon Press, Psychology Press, Martin Dunitz, and Taylor & Francis.Taylor & Francis is fully committed to the publication and dissemination of scholarly information of the highest quality, and today this remains the primary goal. [citation needed], In 1959, Duvalier created a rural militia, the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (MVSN, English: Militia of National Security Volunteers)commonly referred to as the Tonton Macoute after a Haitian Creole bogeymanto extend and bolster support for the regime in the countryside. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Born on July 3, 1951 in the Haitian capital, Port-au-Prince, he grew up largely in isolation, spending his time inside the presidential palace. Your donation is fully tax-deductible. In 1954, Duvalier abandoned medicine, hiding out in Haiti's countryside from the Magloire regime. Explain who may be included within a family of origin. However, as Dominican military commanders expressed little support for an invasion of Haiti, Bosch refrained from the invasion and sought mediation through the OAS. Born: April 14, 1907 Port-au-Prince, Haiti Died: April 21, 1971 Port-au-Prince, Haiti Haitian president and physician. The regime of Jean-Claude Duvalier sought international respectability. [10], Many educated professionals fled Haiti for New York City, Miami, Montreal, Paris and several French-speaking African countries, exacerbating an already serious lack of doctors and teachers. Complete the following sentence: During those years, in which he traveled widely in the country side inoculating peasants against yaws, he won a reputa tion as a hardworking, some what selfeffacing country doc tor, who could in the eyes of superstitious people, work mir acles. His son Jean-Claude Duvalier became the next President. Estimates are that over 300,000 people were killed and some 1.5 million left homeless. And conquer he did, with an overwhelming majority, in the election of Sept. 22, 1957. On the death of his father, Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, when he was still only 19, Jean-Claude Duvalier, "Baby Doc", succeeded him as Haiti's President for Life. Papa Doc" Duvalier. The regime's propaganda stated that "Papa Doc was one with the lwa, Jesus Christ and God himself". [6]:57 By December 1956, an amnesty was issued and Duvalier emerged from hiding,[17] and on 12 December 1956, Magloire conceded defeat. During his 14 years in power, he created a substantial black middle class, chiefly through government patronage. Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haiti's former president, known to one and all as "Baby Doc," died of a heart attack last week in Port-au-Prince, aged only 63. Aristide returned the following month, whereas Cdras and other coup leaders went into exile. [19] Even in this election, however, there are multiple first-hand accounts of voter fraud and voter intimidation. When a bloodless coup in 1950 elevated Colonel Paul Magloire to the Presidency, Duvalier went into hiding. Haiti's former leader Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier has been charged with corruption and embezzlement during his 1971-1986 rule, prosecutors say. When Jean-Claude Duvalier touched down in Port-au-Prince in January, after nearly 25 years in exile, the former dictator said he had come to help. In 1946 the president of Haiti, Dumarsais Estim, appointed him director general of the National Public Health Service. Knox lost and was sentenced to death, but he was later granted amnesty.[50]. Haitians overthrow regime, 1984-1986. During the U. S. occupation of Haiti between 1915 and 1934, hundreds of thousands of unskilled Haitian laborers were encouraged to In April, 1963, Mr. Barbot, by then released from prison, made a bold attempt to topple Duvalier. [32], Duvalier employed intimidation, repression, and patronage to supplant the old mulatto elites with a new elite of his own making. Near the end of his life, Duvalier faced a contracting economy, withdrawal of most U.S. aid, and a decline in tourism; in response he relaxed some of the severe repression and terror that had characterized his early regime. [10]:330 Duvalier also initiated the development of Franois Duvalier Airport, now known as ToussaintLouverture International Airport. , iod) and the opinions held about immigration? The Power of the Executive under the Duvalier Constitutions 14. an extreme political ideology. (L-R) Jean Claude"Baby Doc" Duvalier, Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier (L-R) Jean Claude"Baby Doc" Duvalier, Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. "You can think of a constitution as A few months later Lieut. In 1946 Duvalier seved as Director General of the national Public Health Service and later became director of the anti yaws campaign. [21] Although the army and its leaders had quashed the coup attempt, the incident deepened Duvalier's distrust of the army, an important Haitian institution over which he did not have firm control. After thwarting a military coup d'tat in 1958, his . First he obtained a petition from his army generals de manding the action, then had his legislature replace the Con stitution with one that legalized a presidency for life, and fi nally clinched matters by hold ing a referendum in which ne was the sole candidate. years of military rule in Haiti, U.S. intervention ushered . [22], In the early years of his rule, Duvalier was able to take advantage of the strategic weaknesses of his powerful opponents, mostly from the mulatto elite. In the relentless search for Mr. Barbot in the weeks that followed, Tontons Macoutes surrounded the house that hid his cache of arms and ammuni tion. Gen. Prosper Avril took power, but his unstable regime ended in March 1990. In his crackdown on potential troublemakers, notably those who had opposed his election or stood as a threat in any pos sible coup, many were granted asylum in foreign embassies. After Duva lier's recovery, he turned on Mr. Barbot, suspecting his old Mend and aide of plotting to supplant him, and threw him in jail, where he languished for 16 months. The Kennedy administration (19611963) was particularly disturbed by Duvalier's repressive and totalitarian rule and allegations that he misappropriated aid money, at the time a substantial part of the Haitian budget, and a U.S. Marine Corps mission to train the Tonton Macoute. All Rights Reserved. There was a personality cult on the president and he tried to intensify it by surrounding his figure with elements of Haitian mithology. [10], Duvalier promoted and installed members of the black majority in the civil service and the army. One can only hope that his passing brings to an end the era in which the history of Haiti is compressed and . Franois Duvalier (1907-1971), who was also known as Papa Doc Duvalier was President of Haiti between 1957 until his death in 1971. The children's chauf feur and two bodyguards were killed but the children were unhurt. Chrizier told the AP that he is inspired by the late dictator Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, who ruled Haiti with a bloody brutality from 1957 to 1971 and had himself declared "president . Gen. Henri Namphy took charge, promising free elections and democratic reforms. The abrupt departure ended Haiti's infamous Duvalier era, 28 years of often-harsh repression under a father and then a son. He was inaugurated Oct. 22. political experience than Nixon and understood Soviet and Chinese issues. An undercover government death squad, the Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout), indiscriminately killed Duvalier's opponents; the Tonton Macoute was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing any form of dissent, even in private. He came into power via military coup d'tat and was then made the president. Hong Kong. On October 4, 2014, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, the self-styled former president-for-life of Haiti, died as a result of a cardiac arrest at the home of a friend in the Port-au-Prince suburb of Petion-Ville. Finally, in January 1971, Jean-Claude (known as "Baby Doc") was formally named as Papa Doc's successor. In October 1937 troops and police from the Dominican Republic massacred thousands of Haitian labourers living near the border. "I'm not here for . [6]:58, The two frontrunners in the 1957 campaign for the presidency were Duvalier and LouisDjoie, a landowner and industrialist from the north. Within weeks, hundreds of Duvalier's political enemies were thrown into jail. Finally, the army's strength was reduced, by 1968, to only 5,000 men, commanded by officers whose loyalty to the President was considered to be impeccable. 3 months later, Papa Doc had a heart attack and breathed his last. This group was led by Creole speaking Henri d' Anton was comprised of Cuban guerrillas and Haitian exiles. One of the most informative, Patrick Lemoine's FortDimanche: Dungeon of Death, dealt specifically with victims of Fort Dimanche, the prison which Duvalier used for the torture and murder of his political opponents.[48]. After this, Duvalier dismissed the entire general staff and replaced it with officers who owed their positions, and their loyalty, to him. 19, whom Duvalier had designated as his successor last January, was immediately sworn in as President. Corrections? He had been facing charges of corruption and human rights abuse. In April 1963, Barbot was released and began plotting to remove Duvalier from office by kidnapping his children. For a period of almost 30 years from 1957 to 1986, Haiti was ruled by the notorious father-son dictators, Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier (1957-1971) and Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier . After six teenagers painted a Down, With Duvalier sign on a Port auPrince walland were exe cuted without trial President Duvalier ordered that all youth organizations, even the Boy Scouts, be disbanded. Often they slit the throats of their victims and left them tied to chairs or hanging in market places for days as examples of what could happen to anti Duvalierists. The trial's defendant, David Knox, was a Bahamian director of information. He was to continue to hold it in superstitious reverence. Learn about the long and violent history of Jean-Claude Baby Doc Duvalier's reign in Haiti and the murderous rule of Rafael Lenidas Trujillo for 30 years in the Dominican Republic. A leader of one invasion was a former army officer, Capt. Finally, an old black dog came howling out. Jean-Claude Baby Doc Duvalier (1951-2014), Kenule Ken Beeson Saro-Wiwa (1941-1995), African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43a/566.html, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. Duvalier promised to rebuild and renew the country and rural Haiti solidly supported him as did the military. During their campaigning, Haiti was ruled by five temporary administrations, none lasting longer than a few months. An overall picture of life in one of the most culturally diverse parts of the Western hemisphere emerges with information on its culture, ethnology, history, peoples, religion and creative arts. A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was 1. Duvalier was a small man, slightly stooped, who wore black suits and formal stiff starchedcollar shirts. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Cuba answered by breaking off diplomatic relations and Duvalier subsequently instituted a campaign to rid Haiti of communists. Caribbean Quarterly He was born in poverty in PortauPrince on April 14, 1907. Do you find this information helpful? Franois Duvalier, byname Papa Doc, (born April 14, 1907, Port-au-Prince, Haitidied April 21, 1971, Port-au-Prince), president of Haiti whose 14-year regime was of unprecedented duration in that country. AFP - Haitian prosecutors on Tuesday slapped a slew of corruption charges on Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, less than 48 hours after the former dictator's unexpected return to his . He fa vored Homburgs and top hats, and was seldom seen without thicklensed eyeglasses. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult. For the Colombian drug trafficker, see. [27]:1011, Haitian communists and even suspected communists bore the brunt of the government's repression. Duvalier begins to violently attack his opponents, driving many of them into exile, and eventually the National Assembly voted to accept the Duvalier's Constitution which establishing Duvalier as President for Life of Haiti. Still, mulatto coffee and sugar cane speculators and other not wholly black businessmen backed the little doctor, appar ently having been assured in private they had nothing to fear. His corrupt policies also indirectly killed thousands of Haitians as food shortages became rampant. [37][38], On February 8, 1986, when the Duvalier regime fell, a crowd attacked Duvalier's mausoleum, throwing boulders at it, chipping off pieces from it, and breaking open the crypt. The Tonton Macoute captured and killed Barbot in July 1963. He was deposed in 1986 after a popular uprising and died in 2014 at age 63. BlackPast.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373. Voodoo Spirits. [3] He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. On July 16, 1963, Clement Barbot and his brother Harry, with a dozen followers, were surrounded in a sugar cane field by a force of Tontons and Duvalier militiamen. [39][40][41], Many books have been written about the Duvalier Era in Haiti, the best known of which is Graham Greene's novel The Comedians. She was in Portau Prince when he suffered another heart attack in November, 1970. Since the late nineteenth century, Haitians have been working as migrant labor in agriculture throughout the Caribbean. Of the three major candidates in the 1957 election campaign, Duvalier was the most enig matic. The United States, which counted on him strongly as an antiCommunist ally, flew in teams of specialists from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and from Washington to treat him. During the search, Duvalier was told that Barbot had transformed himself into a black dog, which prompted Duvalier to order that all black dogs in Haiti be put to death. At 64, weakened by heart attacks and chronic diabetes. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Another unlikely tale born out of Duvalier's mystique is that upon hearing of US President John F Kennedy's death in 1963, rather than offer his condolences, Duvalier took credit - if that's the right word - for the murder. Which Country Is Larger By Population? The Constitution, written by the President himself, had called for election of a uni cameral legislature in 1961. Kennedy had more As a revolutionary, I have no right to disregard the will of the people". Franois Duvalier (French pronunciation: [fswa dyvalje]; 14 April 1907 - 21 April 1971), also known as Papa Doc, was a Haitian politician of French Martiniquan descent who served as the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death.
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