o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. America needed enlightened experts and well-designed bureaucracies to create stability. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. Many progressives considered the elimination of alcohol from American life a necessary step in restoring order to society. APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary. How was it alleviated? John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.`. "Progressive" Amendments: 17th Amendment, 18th Amendment, 19th . What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. If you delight in getting off the well-beaten path, or if you are looking for a peaceful natural retreat, its perfection. Explain. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. causing much controversy. What reform issues did Wilson not support? And, as you might imagine, it produces some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States. Guinn v. United States (1915): Supreme Court declared the grandfather clause in Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. o Rejected political action in favor of strikesgeneral strikes. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. Money became extremely tight. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. They fished together and talked long hours into the night. Tammany Hall: As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. It forced elected representatives to consider what a national park designation truly meant and whether or not the land within these parks deserved protection. As he looked to more reforms, a divide between the president and conservative wing of his o Election of the mayor nonpartisan Some endorsed the radical goals of European Marxists o Teaching They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. On this trip were Gifford Pinchot, a young forester who would eventually become the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, and John Muir, the most famous naturalist in American history. Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. forever.. They refused to support the war effortgrowing This valley was isolated and remote, twenty miles northwest of the original. Sheep roamed across these unclaimed lands, clearing grass for miles. By 1919,how many states had granted women the right to vote? it to the people. Du Bois towards race relations? Explain. Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. a. Years before Hetch Hetchy, the two men were friends. This can be very disorienting to fish and disrupt their migrations as they depend on steady streams and flows to guide them. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. o They agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy but differed in their approach. o Land and resourcescontrolled by federal government. Roosevelt also favored the natural beauty of the land and health of the wildlife. The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. Subsequent proposals for development in our national parks have been defeated by citizen activists inspired by calls to remember Hetch Hetchy. There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919. Us too! Belief in the influence of the environment on individual development. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Who was Robert La Follette? Third, dams alter natural habitats and change the ways in which rivers function. In 1923, the O'Shaughnessy Damwas completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. o Social cohesion: individuals are part of a great web of social relationships, and each person's Coming from the San Francisco Bay Area youll pass right through Buck Meadows on Highway 120. What impact did it have on reform? Democrats suffered many losses in congress. His path roughly follows the John Muir Highway State Highway 132 that runs from Highway 49 in Coulterville up through Greeley Hill before connecting back into Highway 120 before Buck Meadows and the turn-off to Hetch Hetchy. Utopian vision of a Harvard forestry grad, Scam Advisory: Recent reports indicate that individuals are posing as the NEH on email and social media. How did the following influence reform: However, not until 1987 under President Reagan did hope resurfaced that we may actually get it back. "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. Why did many progressives look towards reforming state governments? Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. be the Republican candidate. If, on the other hand, San Francisco gained control, it would signal in important victory for public power resulting in lower rates for the people. Most reformers agreed that the growing immigrant population had created social problems. For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. Those who presumed to speak for wealth, much of which flowed to San Francisco, believed they were transforming a pioneer land into a settled, civilized one. o Primary Election: an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give Why did women's suffrage seem such a radical demand during progressive time? Pinchot was recognized as a leader of the conservation movement. If youre especially in the mood to relax and let yourself be taken care of, The Blackberry Inn is a luxury bed and breakfast situated on 36 acres and surrounded by National Forest land. Right next to the Lucky Buck Cafe, youll find the Yosemite Westgate Lodge and Buck Meadows Lodge. o Efforts to limit the power of the party and improve the quality of elected officials. By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. Eventually, when the issue was put on a ballot in 1908, it passed and construction of the dam began after World War I. Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice, nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. They needed to find a way to increase the power of the electorate and decrease the power of the bosscontrolled legislatures. The most prominent preservationist spokesman was John Muir.. Was the largest single reform movement of the progressive. On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. Chapter 28 Apush. They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage. First, they block rivers which prevents fish from migrating. or break up trusts at the state and national level. Created. He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. He discovered it a few of years later. Required fields are marked *. Each switchback reveals scenic overlooks of the reservoir and Kolana Rock. 1910 congressional elections brought progressive incumbents back to office (conservative Republicans Pinchot was a blue blood, a Puritan, a community-oriented insider. Her influence helped spark the settlement house In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt They also remove water needed for healthy in-stream ecosystems. Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? The history of Californias growth is inextricably linked to the search for water. California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. We have historic photographs to remind us of what Hetch Hetchy Valley looked like before the dam was built. o They advocated a single union for all workers and abolition of the "wage slave" system Congress would decide the fate of the Hetchy Hetchy Valley. Was he a good choice? City Manager Plan: elected officials hired an outside expertoften a professionally trained business Monroe went on to lobby members of Congress as the battle moved to Washington D.C. She was a tireless advocate who believed that people needed to be educated in order to do what was best for everyone involved. This limits their ability to access spawning habitat, seek out food resources, and escape predation. In 1896, the Democratic political platform. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. Yet we tend to focus on the latter, the story that pits Muir and Pinchot against each other. Hetch Hetchy Valley is a treasure worth visiting. Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. ~ The establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps ~ The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority ~ The onset of the Dust Bowl b. During the first years of his presidency, he was concerned with being reelected. Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. What impact did he have on state-level reform? Photo: Theresa Ho, Of course, the proposal was immediately opposed by environmentalists including the Sierra Club and John Muir. As we all know, there is no use of water that is higher than the domestic use., He went on to say, We come straight to the question of whether the advantage of leaving this valley in a state of nature is greater than the advantage of using it for the benefit of the city of San Francisco.. Others argued that we must limit the flow of new arrivals. Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. In an effort to build this support, he published his bookThe Yosemitein 1912. It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. Progressives differed on their approach. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. Municipal government (city) became one of the first targets of those working for political reform. What did the club movement allow women to do? W.E.B. The election offered voters several choices: Wilson's New Freedom, Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt's progressivism, or the Socialist Party Policies of Eugene B. Debs. . This, a system joining preservation with conservation, was the result of his alliance with Pinchot. Within three years, Congress had passed the Organic Act, formally defining the parks and creating a new federal agency, the National Park Service, with a mission: to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.. Next to John Muir, the most vocal defender of the Hetch Hetchy Valley was Harriet Monroe. of terror in the first years of the twentieth century. The battle for Hetch Hetchy wasnt just conservationists vs preservationists. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. In 2019, Restore Hetch Hetchy commissioned another study that found enormous recreational value from removing the dam. General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC): formed to coordinate the activities of local organizations. Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. less demanding This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. emergency exits to prevent workers from leaving "unjustly". What was the WTUL? Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. neither A nor B, Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? special experiences and special sensitivities. Consequently, he disagreed with Muir about the ethics of damming the valley and supported the creation of a water reservoir. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts How did this affect other professions? He brought together a coalition that would support his program. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. For western states, the most important target of reform energies was the federal governmentthey Jane Addams was an important social worker. The commission reported their recommendations to President Grover Cleveland in 1889, engulfing Cleveland, Pinchot, and the rest of the commission in a political firestorm. While the debate goes on, Hetch Hetchy remains a relaxing and often-overlooked corner of the park much to the delight of hikers and backpackers who prefer less touristy experiences. both A and B The water winds between granite features like Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome. They were both initially carved by rivers flowing down the Sierras relatively gentle western slope. desirable activities get fewer resources than they deserve? On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. In the late nineteenth century, the Granger Laws supported the interests of, 26. The battle for the Hetch Hetchy Valleys future was not simply preservation versus conservation. Your email address will not be published. Who became the most powerful symbol of the reform impulse at the national level? Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. He had to then appease both the conservatives and progressives. Hetch Hetchy controversy Panic of 1907 William Howard Taft's presidency Children's Bureau New Nationalism election of 1912 The Progressive Party Woodrow Wilson's presidency New Freedom Federal Reserve act Keatings-Owen act "Big Stick" Diplomacy Open Door Policy Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Platt amendment Panam Canal It was one of the central institutions of the urban machine. What were the differing viewpoints of socialists regarding the economy? Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. All thirty-five questions pertain to the time period 1491 to 1945 (aka P1-P7), with questions 1-13. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). Recall: Initiative and Referendum As a 13.4-mile (21.4 km) round-trip hike, Rancheria Falls gets fewer day-hikers than Wapama Falls but is a popular backpacking stop. What became one of the first targets of those working for political reform? Were they successful? The severity of the downturn was such that it prompted the United States Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. If the nation set aside some natural places as especially sacred, how far beyond their borders should a sense of the sacred extend? Pinchot wrote that the men felt like guilty schoolboys the next morning, returning to their hotel to assure their travel companions they hadnt fallen into the chasm. RELATED: Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks. Let us introduce you to some of the unique giant sequoia groves in the Yosemite Mariposa County area the Merced, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Groves are inside Yosemite National Park, and the Nelder Grove is just outside the park boundary to the south. What were some early attacks on party dominance? Initiative: Pinchot upset and leaked the information to the press and asked Congress to investigate. Rancheria Falls itself is a series of whitewater cascades that crashes through a narrow canyon on its way to the reservoir. What was the Socialist Party of America? Who was Jane Addams? Glaciers followed these low-points, leaving their own marks in particular carving out the characteristic U-shaped valley with steep sides and wide floor. How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? After his second term, he retiredbrieflyfrom public life. Mining and logging interests railed against the plan. These helped to advance the The Blackberry Inn Bed and Breakfast is just one of many welcoming businesses located on the way to Hetch Hetchy. had particular strength in the West. First major political debate over environment. was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. . Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. What was the most important source of reform in the West? The chief began packing up and, when Nate asked him why, he replied, The valley is yours now., Far below them, the river cascaded into a peaceful valley floor, a heavenly setting similar to that of the main Yosemite Valley. What was the goal of the American Medical Association? Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite Valley are so similar because they were created by the same sequences of geological activity. At a series of book talks, supported by Humanities Montana, Clayton has found that these conflicts still resonate deeply with audiences. 1860-1935. Describe the founding of the NAACP. No BS! Others felt it was a threat to freedom. He added significantly to the National Park System. Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Fourth, dams alter water quality. As the Hetch Hetchy Valley was part of Yosemite National Park, Hitchcock preferred to protect the parks natural wonders. Furthermore, they provided a place for the wild plants and creatures to live out their own lives, according to their purposes. Could you imagine building a dam inside a national park today? o Interest groups. APUSH Framework. Utilizing its superior resources, the city produced a detailed report which made a compelling case that, far from damaging the beauty of Yosemite, the dam would actually enhance it. Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. o Led by Eugene Debs Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. demands of the groups. o They supported pacifism and labor organizing In the distance, long white plumes of water cascade hundreds of feet down from rocky heights. For all the similarities between Hetch Hetchy Valley and Yosemite Valley, there is one enormous difference the Hetch Hetchy reservoir. Denouncing dam proponents as greedy, he wrote, These temple destroyers, devotees of ravaging commercialism, seem to have a perfect contempt for Nature, and instead of lifting their eyes to the God of the Mountains, life them to the Almighty Dollar. As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. Secretary of the Interior, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, refused to give San Francisco a permit to build the dam. John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. The pressure that Muir and his compatriots generated in 1908 and 1909 did not dissuade the administration from its support of the Hetch Hetchy dam, but this pressure was quite effective in the realm of electoral politics. Some claimed if women could vote war would become a thing of the pastcalming, maternal influence (WWI gave a final decisive push to suffrage). Appealed to workers, farmers and some middle-class Americans. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. Referendum: Some embraced it while others rejected it. Muir deeply inspired Pinchot, who in turn helped influence Muirs writing. Rounding the corner and catching the first glimpses of Hetch Hetchy Valley reveals the play of light on water. o Technological innovationsrunning water, electricity, household appliances made housework Garfield was responding to critics who believed that the federal governments primary responsibility was to use the nations public resources for development in the service for the greatest number of people. There is plenty to see and do right here, from kayaking on the water to climbing the magnificent domes above. What approach did W.E.B. Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks. What was the chief concern of the "Social Gospel"? Some hydro-power dams withhold and then release water to generate power for peak demand periods, which is particularly disruptive to migrating fish. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. B. Republicans usually held a majority in the Senate. Today, the National Park and U.S. Forest Service embody the legacy of Muir and Pinchots alliance. Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. Hetch Hetchy is on the main stem of the Tuolumne River and is part of the Tuolumne watershed. Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. Montana In the 1890s, America faced an environmentalcrisis. secretary of the interior. Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. That trip is a 19.1-mile (22.9 km) out and back, or you can turn the hike into a loop that returns past Rancheria Falls (28.2 miles, 45.4 km). Whom did the party nominate? Regarding labor issues, Roosevelt was willing to look at the side of the workers, not just the employers. What were the different progressive opinions regarding immigration? March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. Roosevelt and his followers left the convention and the party. Donald Hodel, then Secretary of the Interior, suggested that the time might be ripe to remove the O . directly to the voters in general elections. This set the groundwork for the creation of the U.S. Forest Service in 1905, which Pinchot would head. Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. . 20. As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. Within the ranks of the Sierra Club, there was a split between those San Francisco members who favored the dams municipal use versus those who believed this pristine area should not be tampered with under any circumstances. West and East. In 1987, President Reagans Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel, proposed that Hetch Hetchy be restored. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. Most people called it Hetch Hetchy, a mispronunciation of a Central Mohawk word for a plant that indigenous people were harvesting there when the first white man came along.. As Muir famously protested: Dam Hetch Hetchy? Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. the electorate for approval. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. Modern The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. Why did voter turnout decline? It pitted Gifford Pinchot, Americas first forester, against John Muir, Americas legendary conservationist. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. Indeed, the battle over Hetch Hetchy may have been a little-known contributor to the permanent alignment of American politics it was the tension between Ballinger and Pinchot that set in motion the events that lead to the split mentioned above. The surface of the water hides an additional 300 feet of granite cliffs and once-upon-a-time waterfalls within its depths. Although Wilson got only 42% popular vote, he won an overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in congress. He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission. What did the congressional elections of 1910 show? This law clearly proclaimed that the federal government, following the Forest Commissions recommendation, would preserve new public lands for the use and necessities of citizens in the United States. It clearly states the conservationist theory of land management, the legacy of Pinchots work with the Forest Commission. Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. Progressives involved in reform placed emphasis on knowledge and expertise (examplesocial work). Photo: Kim Lawson. the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. The Tuolumne River originates in the peaks above Tuolumne Meadows and is the major drainage system for the northern part of Yosemite. You might as well deface the worlds great cathedrals, he said, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dams construction.
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