30 point split between verbal and performance iq

For example, children with low verbal IQs may present earlier in life, perhaps due to a speech delay, and be referred to speech therapy rather than to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Pingback: Get Healthy Get Strong, Get Educated and Informed | GeorgieBC's Blog. People who enter into a debate with someone of greater intelligence will frequently ape those mannerisms to cover for a lack of content in their argument. IV3 8NP, Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. What was difficult/easy? A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. His brothers strength on the performance part of the WISC was picture arrangement with a score of 12 with his weak areas being picture completion and coding with scores of 9. Puthanakit et al. (2010) described a decline in verbal IQ after 2 years following the initial assessment carried out through a longitudinal study, though this decline did not occur in the performance scale. His bigger challenges at school are probably behavioral. That was very helpful Susan, thank you. Addendum: Wow, that is a huge VIQ/PIQ difference. You are either being ignorant or just lack real world experience, or you're just not smart enough to experience the 30 point communication range. I have an IQ of 145, high enough to experience the 30 point gap with your average person. Your comment about the election of Obama echoes my own thoughts at the time; it looked as if the voters wanted to state that they were not racist and that well-worded promises, meant more than what had gone before. CONTRARY TO EXPECTATION, A DISPROPORTIONATE NUMBER OF THESE REVERSALS WAS FOUND IN MENTALLY DEFECTIVE SUBJECTS. Joined: 6 Dec 2008Age: 85Gender: FemalePosts: 3,662. I am posting my subtest scores. For the first time in history, we have a working model that will enable us to use our most intelligent resources effectively in our governance. The information is power concept. When present, this discrepancy accurately lateralized seizure focus for 79% of those with typical and 57% of those with atypical language organization. No such discrepancy between non-verbal and verbal IQ was seen in children who were reported to be hyperactive in one setting only (school or home) or in 'non hyperactive' children. There are many professionals who will not comment on tests scores via internet postings and I can understand your comments. the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox Mensa welcomes people from all walks of life to come and converse about anything relating to living beyond the 98th percentile. verbal IQ I got a 186 However, in making any such interpretation, the comments above regarding referral bias and the historical tendency for children with dyslexia to be referred elsewhere need to be borne in mind. Meulemans J, Goeleven A, Zink I, Loyez L, Lagae L, Debruyne F. Keary TA, Frazier TW, Busch RM, Kubu CS, Iampietro M. Epilepsia. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The War Measures Act was utterly shocking from a man wed believed was a champion of civil liberties, and some of us have never been able to get past that. J Child Neurol. I don't think I have ashkenazi jews in the family, but I don't know for sure. Thank you for writing this, Georgie. Although a latter study (Mokros et al, 1989) failed to replicate these results, such a deficit in PIQ has also been demonstrated in a population of adults with a diagnosis of depression (Sackein et al, 1992). A lock ( Kudos!streetdirectory. Patients were grouped on the basis of language mediation confirmed through the intracarotid amobarbital procedure. Mind understanding of the symbol search score is that it tests visual-motor quickness, concentration, and persistence. Lately, there have been hopeful signs. Mokros HB, Poznanski EO & Merick WA. The 77 children who had both completed emotional screening forms and WISC-III assessments in their notes ranged in age from 6 years 6 months to 16 years and 11 months, (mean 11.03 years, s.d. 1997:53(4) 351 - 354. I even thought he was personally foolish sometimes, and yet he survived looking foolish. I think, though, your wonderful analytical skills cover up what could be more average social skills. Perceptual oran: 105 Its an interesting read with current events in mind. Thank You, Submitted by Anonymous on Thu, 11/21/2002 - 10:54 PM. This represents a male: female ratio of 1.62: 1 among the larger group of children referred to the clinic, rising to 3.53: 1 among those who had also been referred for psychometrics (the sample population). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted I have chosen to give some casual ideas in response to parent questions. Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 9:21 PM. The assessment of dyslexics using LD OnLine is made possible by a generous grant from. government site. For those who don't know, Verbal IQ is basic arithmetic, vocabulary, etc. We exist without skin color, without nationality, without religious biasand you call us criminals. My crime is that of curiosity. Digit Span 11 Matrix Reasoning 16 Several schools of thought exist regarding evaluating test scores. Further work needs to be done to determine if these findings can be replicated in children with higher FSIQs. I frequently cannot find my way through the threads unless I spend a great deal of time. 2.95). I think there is a tendency for people on the autism spectrum to have a discrepancy between the two measures but it can go either way, i.e. Before Also have ADHD(-C). Neither are statistically greater than 0 , hence no association was demonstrated between VIQ - PIQ discrepancy (either absolute or towards one direction) and conduct disorder. LD OnLine is an educational service of public television station WETA in Washington, D.C. look at http://alpha.fdu.edu/psychology/low_scores.htm, Re: look at http://alpha.fdu.edu/psychology/low_scores.htm, Re: I think Susan was referring to a thread on Teaching LD S, National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. How did you feel about the task? Second, there are other reasons why your son could have that gap. and yeah, I know I use the "performance" part. Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 6:52 PM. DS does not (yet) have an official diagnosis of ADHD - I expect that is forthcoming from our developmental pediatrician; parent and teacher input support this. This in itself is an interesting and unexpected finding, which indicates a sex bias in the selection criteria. Nevertheless, the use of a well recognised and widely used method of quantifying the degree to which traits suggestive of each disorder are reported to be present allows the data to be correlated with other quantified (i.e. 2017 Dec;54(10):8361-8369. doi: 10.1007/s12035-016-0298-0. I feel your pain. PERFORMANCE IQ WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN VERBAL IQ WITH ONLY 22 PERCENT OF THE SUBJECTS It sounds like these children cannot interact with people, dont get jokesthis does not sound like my son (denial?). I will look at NLD site. Results suggest that the presence of a large discrepancy is not effective, by itself, in lateralizing seizure foci, but may contribute to refining predictions of surgical outcome. It is definitely the case that some intelligent people deserve the fear and hatred they inspire, though they may not share that view. The internet is more than capable of reviewing the facts, logic and morals of everyone in a position of power, if we can get the information we need to review. reported as hyperactive by both parents and teachers) had lower mean 'non-verbal' (analogous to performance) IQ than verbal IQ. This sample did not show any significant difference between verbal and performance IQ. Johnson CN, Ramphal B, Koe E, Raudales A, Goldsmith J, Margolis AE. The VCI is designed to measure verbal reasoning and concept formation. I have never heard of this and when I looked it up, it indicates that along with the gap in VIQ & PIQ there is often a motor deficit. Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 9:02 PM. Thank you. For school services, there must be that gap in functioning on school-related things: reading (basic reading and reading comp), math (calc and applied problems), written language, oral language, listening comprehension. Fletcher JM. Excellent analysis. Absolutely, the person who gave the assessment is the best individual to tell parents how the child performed. > Digit Span 11 Matrix Reasoning 16 Walsh A, Beyer JA & Petee TA. As each item could be scored from 0 to 2, where both parent and teacher forms had been completed, it was possible to give the child a "hyperactivity score" on a scale of 0 to 12, a "conduct score" of 0 to 24 and an "emotional score" of 0 to 16 (Schachar et al., 1981). I have thoughts or words that I cant entirely recall the meaning of and the internet provides the answers instantly, thoroughly and truthfully (with enough research just to be sure). Does anyone have any idea what this could mean? There is no one less intelligent than the internet. From what I have seen, a 27 point gap is very large. WebThe distinction between verbal and nonverbal IQ was not originally based on empirically driven theory; rather, Wechslers original IQ scales differentiated verbal from I'm not so sure Rourke is correct here, since many people officially dxed with AS seem to exhibit few, if any, NLD characteristics. 77 of these children had a report on a WISC-III (UK) psychometric assessment contained in their case notes, 60 of whom were male and 17 of whom were female. Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 1:24 PM. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Thank you. Everything I have read about it scares me. I have a similar gap, but with such high scores in both areas (keep in mind that average is 90-110), presumably, one has the wattage to compensate for the lower scoring area. Careers. WebAbstract. Arithmetic 17 Picture Arrangement 10 The latest testing shows a massive 50 point spread between his verbal IQ (116) and performance IQ (77!). If the audience does not understand the argument anyway, the mannerisms may convince them that the wrong side has presented the best arguments. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS > Performance IQ was subtracted from verbal IQ. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. And there are kids that dont fit well into a box. This study examined the clinical effects of cognitive impairment on the course of patients who have a major psychiatric disorder. Prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure alters children's cognitive control circuitry: A preliminary study. Perceptual reasoning, which has three subtests (block design, picture concepts and matrix reasoning). > Full Scale IQ: 123 (.05: 118-127) 94.0% (Superior Children who had been referred to the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry clinic but who had never actually attended were excluded. My six year old son was just diagnosed with NLD. These 77 children comprised the sample population. Journal of social psychology. Taylor E. The courses and development of hyperactive behaviour. Some examiners dont figure them. Long-term developmental outcome of children of women with epilepsy, unexposed or exposed prenatally to antiepileptic drugs: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. The verbal tests were: Information, Comprehension, Arithmetic, Digit Span, Similarities, and Vocabulary. The Performance subtests were: Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, Block Design, Object Assembly, and Digit Symbol. A verbal IQ, performance IQ and full scale IQ were obtained. Ive taught students with this same profile as well. 1989: 22 (4), 230-233, 244. A negative value indicates a discrepancy in favour of performance, a positive He scored just over 100 for working memory and just under 100 for processing speed - scores on each subtest were around 10 in each case. It is more necessary that this be learned than that any school subject be mastered. Full Scale IQ: 123 (.05: 118-127) 94.0% (Superior Classification), If anyone could help me understand this better I would appreciate it. My psych ed evaluator said that this was due to non-verbal learning disability. A negative value indicates a discrepancy in favour of performance, a positive value indicates a discrepancy in favour of verbal. I'd be grateful for any tips on how to support DS going forward. Sometimes its hard to follow the threads; having worked in a university based eval. My son has a 30 point gap between his verbal and performance and he does have some of the fine motor, social skills deficits of the NLD kids but his are mild. You can find the long interview he did in retirement with Charlie Rose on YouTube. PERFORMANCE IQ AND VERBAL IQ WERE EVALUATED. According to Leta Hollingworths research, to be a leader of his contemporaries a child must be more intelligent but not too much more intelligent than them. His lowest sub test was a 6 in Coding and in one of the subtest for working memory. There is no one more intelligent than the internet. Delighted to have read you for the first time Georgie , Pingback: Tweets that mention The 30 IQ Point Bridge | GeorgieBC's Blog -- Topsy.com. Despite this apparent link between verbal-performance IQ discrepancy and conduct disorder, links with hyperactivity are less clear. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Submitted by Anonymous on Thu, 11/21/2002 - 5:33 PM. If that person isnt available or there is some other issue, the parent has the right to ask whomever they choose for further information. The fact that comprehension looks more like your performance scores could be an indicator of Non-Verbal LD. Disclaimer. Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 9:23 PM. The correlation between full-scale IQ scores between ages 6 and 11 years was 0.85. > Arithmetic 17 Picture Arrangement 10 Messes up their self-image and career. Accessibility None of them, I might add, are gifted adults with LD. Nope. As for myself, my performance IQ is higher than my verbal IQ. Interesting. Yes, our political landscape right now is a bit of a desert. Joined: 15 Nov 2008Age: 42Gender: MalePosts: 353Location: MD, Joined: 25 Jun 2010Age: 55Gender: FemalePosts: 200Location: Northern Ireland. When I consider all the individuals who really have serious struggles, such a gap doesnt even concern me. Therefore, children who had a low score in one, two or even all three disorder groups studied can not be considered to comprise a normal control group. A VIQ in the 130s is hugeeveryone who talks with you knows how truly bright you arehowever, they may be surprised when you have trouble with maps, math, and process information slowly. Intelligent people must have their actions reviewed for ethics just as everyone else must, and this may also contribute to mistrust and fear. Only confirmed members have the Mensan flair. There is every level of discourse on absolutely any topic. We have no one that canny around any longer, not yet. psychometric) data, without the use of arbitrarily defined cut-off points. In exploratory analyses, the VIQ>PIQ discrepancy was associated with reduced functional connectivity from right inferior frontal gyrus to right thalamus and increased functional connectivity to right supramarginal gyrus (ps < .03, uncorrected). Traditionally ADHD has been seen as the responsibility of Child Psychiatry, dyspraxia of Occupational Therapy and dyslexia of Speech Therapy or Educational Psychology, possibly resulting in common features between all three being under-recognised. It is interesting that this male: female ratio (3.53: 1) is comparable with the reported male: female ratio of children presenting with hyperactivity (3.6: 1) (Taylor, 1986). Snow M & Thurber S. Cognitive imbalance and antisocial personality characteristics. But, it is more than just the split that leads to an NLD diagnosis. My strengths are clearly in the verbal area. According to Dr. Byron Rourke..Asperger's is a "Level 1" disorder meaning that You are in the Aid & Comfort Directory, did you know? These each contained three items relating to hyperactivity (Table 1), six items relating to conduct disorder (Table 2) and four items relating to emotional disorder (Table 3). The P>V Sign in corrections: is it a useful diagnostic tool ? He got his license around 19 or 20 years old, as opposed to my neurotypical daughter who got hers at 16. and our and the internet; for me it puts me in the middle of what must surely be such a hugely historic time for us. 30 point split between VIQ and PIQ (in favor of VIQ). Attention deficits in Children with low performance IQ: Arguments for right hemisphere dysfunction. VIQ > PIQ) in children with learning difficulties. On-Line, Pharmacy FOUR POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS WERE CONSIDERED. Piek JP, Pitcher TM & Hay DA. This is one of the most painful and difficult lessons that each gifted child must learn, if personal development is to proceed successfully. PERFORMANCE IQ WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN VERBAL IQ WITH ONLY 22 PERCENT OF THE SUBJECTS SHOWING A REVERSAL IN DIRECTION. The current study was conducted to determine if the High School will be difficult, especially math and foreign lang. Banach R, Boskovic R, Einarson T, Koren G. Drug Saf. Classification) Relatively low VIQ has been considered an indicator of dyslexia and relatively low PIQ of dyspraxia (Weschler, 1992) ). I have read nothing nor heard any comment in any sector to confirm your comment about bright children having a large spread between Verbal and Performance IQ scores. Stories, memories, anecdotes drawings, photographs, paintings. Verbal-spatial discrepancies are common in healthy individuals and in those with neurodevelopmental disorders associated with cognitive control deficits including: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Non-Verbal Learning Disability, Fragile X, 22q11 deletion, and Turner Syndrome. Has stolen things on one or more occasions in the past twelve months. Performance IQ: 107 (.05: 100-113) 68.0% (Above Average Classification) NMR Biomed 1997: 10, 309-314. A convergent structure-function substrate of cognitive imbalances in autism. ( A ) During conflict resolution, connectivity from right IFG, MeSH J Psychol 1987:121 (2), 177-184. On performance his strength was picture completion with a score of 13 his weakness was coding and picture arrangement with scores of 9. google_ad_height = 600; Accessibility My crime is that of judging people by what they say and think, not what they look like. Average brain activations associated with, Average brain activations associated with conflict resolution. In other I also have difficulties with mental processing speed. This study aimed to establish 1) whether a group difference exists in the motor competence of preschool children at risk for developmental delays with intelligence quotient discrepancy (IQD; refers to difference between verbal intelligence quotient [VIQ] and performance intelligence quotient [PIQ]) and 2) whether an association exists Performance IQ I got a 163 He is very coordinated. and p values, both for absolute discrepancies and discrepancies towards verbal. The WISC/WAIS doesnt tell it all either. Thats similar to my profile as well. We exploreand you call us criminals. Could anyone describe the symptoms of ASD and the symptoms of NVD, please ? Stillthe NLD pattern of assets and deficits are common enough in those dxed with AS, so I suppose Rourke is correct to the extent that NLD manifests itself in a disproportionate number of those with AS. > Vocabulary 18. It is also worth noting the high male: female ratio in the study group. Female Summary of Means and Standard Deviations on Leiter-R Brief IQ and SB5 FSIQ Comparisons. If the public does not understand the actions taking place, they have no reason to trust that those actions are above reproach. This study did not use modern DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) or ICD-10 (World Health Organisation, 1992) criteria, such as the DSM-IV criteria for 'attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder' (ADHD) or the ICD-10 criteria for hyperkinetic disorders. Regarding your question: My psychometric report says my full scale iq is an under estimate of my potential. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews: 2:2-9 (1996). Submitted by Anonymous on Sat, 11/23/2002 - 7:38 PM. A link between discrepancies towards performance (i.e. Search Does that relate to Coding and other measures of graphomotor ability? In the WCST only Perseverative Errors negatively correlated with Verbal IQ and Full Scale IQ. One correlated the children's scores for each disorder with the absolute magnitude of their VIQ-PIQ discrepancies, regardless of the direction of the discrepancy. Cereb Cortex. The latest testing shows a massive 50 point spread between his verbal IQ (116) and performance IQ (77!). In other words, performance tests non-verbal capabilities. Any of these disorders are somewhat hereditary, many people who are dyslexic, dyspraxic, have asperger or something like that may find other people in their families who are NTs but display similar traits which could put them in a grey area between being NT and having a disorder. 2 on whose testing? The only thing I've been suspected to have is dyslexia/dyspraxia (thus I usually fail at spatial tests) and attention disorder, many disorders aren't diagnosed properly in my country so I can't tell but I've read that most aspies have this discrapency or any other kind of discrapency in their IQ tests, they can do better than most people in some parts of the tests and do poorly in others. It may be that low performance IQ children are more likely to be referred to a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry clinic whereas children with low verbal IQs may be more likely to be seen by another service. Ive been spending time lately with alot of parents of kids at my sons (regular) school who happen to have a variety of learning and sensory issues And the subject keeps coming up that many of us 30-40 year old adults have uneven skills or issues that have caused us to make certain life choices. WebA full scale IQ (FSIQ) is calculated as well as a Verbal IQ and a non-verbal IQ. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Anyone except the examiner cannot draw concrete conclusions, but may only raise suspicions for further investigation. 8600 Rockville Pike It also needs to be established whether children with mild VIQ-PIQ discrepancies in favour of performance differ from those with discrepancies in favour of verbal, in terms of emotional and behavioural difficulties. Trudeau was politically smart, though, in ways that we needed, and I realize now that even Chretien, his pupil, brutal though he was in many ways, grasped what you say above about leading from the front but not too far out in front. He loves to make his peers laugh. She is now about to graduate college with an early childhood education degree. I think its true around the globe that anything showing intelligent signs of life inspires responses of suspicion, fear and hostility. and not actually this thread. FOIA Sometimes fine motor is more negatively affected and sometimes it is gross motor. Phospholipid Spectrum Disorder in Psychiatry. Mean IQ scores appear to be increasing between 2 and 3 points per decade. About Wrong Planet Since I was a young child, I have had a huge discrepancy between my Verbal and Performance IQs. Verbal subtest scores ranged from 12 to 15 in each case. Negative values indicate a discrepancy in favour of performance, positive values indicate a discrepancy in favour of verbal. non-parametric) co-relation coefficients. The danger of Ye and the great sport of bullyingbillionaires, The CIA and the Oxford Union are putting a stop to myshenanigans. The K-BIT provides both verbal and non-verbal scales, from which an overall Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Composite score is computed. All case notes held at a department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (St. Finbarr's Hospital, Cork, Ireland) were reviewed. Brumbach (1985) reported a significant association between depression and PIQ deficits (i.e. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! On average NT's have a more balanced / well rounded IQ profile. google_ad_client = "ca-pub-9396904638503097"; In Taylor, E., editor. Joined: 23 Aug 2007Age: 34Gender: MalePosts: 2,492Location: The Poconos, Pennsylvania. The news media stopped even attempting to look intelligent, with covers of the most respected papers and magazines devoted to voyeuristic prying into personal, not public information. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. testing is confidential and protected info. google_ad_slot = "1672333319"; Joined: 16 Apr 2007Age: 38Gender: FemalePosts: 2,617Location: Dixie, Contact sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal @skdadl I cant find it, if you come across it again ever, send me a link? The results revealed no homogeneity between measures, with verbal scale more affected than non-verbal. The site is secure. Many very smart people cannot communicate to laypeeps. Often appears miserable, tearful or distressed. The mean full FSIQ of the sample was 83.9 (s.d. These too do not differ significantly from zero, again demonstrating no significant association between emotional difficulties and VIQ - PIQ discrepancies. On any task in which there is a motor component, you perform much lowermore like the average person overall. Symbol Search not as much. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995: 34 (5), 639 - 648. His academic testing also shows pretty much all measures are in the average range. ( A ) Increased activation during post-congruent conflict was detected, Age effects. PMC As the magnitude of the VIQ>PIQ discrepancy increased, activation of fronto-striatal, limbic, and temporal regions decreased during conflict resolution (p < .05, corrected). J Neurosci. You would not think an ADD person to be able to concentrate and be peristant. Marius Press; 1999: 251-262. Whats the line? So, I have decided that I will talk to the university Psychologist and see if we cant get to the bottom of this. And when they notice, they want reliable information so they can help their students. Table 2 (above). But for every hopeful sign, there seems an even more violent backlash against intelligence and a bigger outpouring of fear and hatred. The average split-half reliability coefficients across the age groups were .97 for the verbal IQ, .94 for the performance IQ, and .98 for the full-scale IQ. You are quite talented when presented with verbal tasks and problems. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Cognitive outcome after epilepsy surgery in children. A spread of only 12 points is statistically significant. This suggests that boys referred to a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry clinic are more likely to be referred for psychometrics than girls are. IE-nueronet, pace, IM, ect? > Verbal IQ: 134 (.05: 128-138) 99.0% (Very. VIQ < PIQ) and delinquency in children or dissocial personality disorder in adults has been demonstrated by several studies (Walsh et al, 1986; Walsh et al, 1987; Snow et al, 1997) although it has also been argued that a discrepancy in children in either direction is a useful predictor of the possibility of becoming delinquent in later life (Walsh, 1992). I love your work. Part 1 of 2, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. But, the report made it unclear whether this NVLD was part of my Asperger's, or a different disability. Anything that can be done verbally by you is going to look totally stellar. This is the way it has been. While superior intelligence is not an indicator of inferior morals, neither is it a guarantee of superior morals. The group studied was not a random sample but consisted of children who had attended a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry clinic and who had had a psychometric evaluation. WebFor the whole sample, IQ scores ranged within the average general population IQ levels being (Mean+SD) 103.27+10.28 for total IQ, 104.88+11.98 for verbal IQ and 101.16+12.82 for per-formance IQ. WebNumerous factor analytic studies have supported the multidimensionality of the WIS, whereby at least three cognitive constructs are measured by these scales, rather than the two originally conceptualized constructs defined by Verbal IQ and Performance IQ scores. We often call it charisma, but its more than that and it is valuable, worth defending, if its being used for good. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1981: 22 (4), 375-392. Have you had any head injuries ever? He is on a new medication today and I am longing to know how his day went. the game is bugged tier list, goldilocks and life on other planets answer key, nrc jobs in kandahar,

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